THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

El presente perfecto indica una acción que se inicia en un pasado reciente y que está, de alguna manera, relacionada con el presente. Por ejemplo:

1. Yo he escrito una carta a mi tía Mirna.

2. Tú has leído el periódico en tu alcoba.

3. Marta ha preparado la comida.

4. Nosotros hemos visitado algunos sitios turísticos.

5. Ustedes han partido el vaso de vidrio.

6. Ellos han tomado algunas fotos del viaje.

En las oraciones anteriores, las acciones iniciaron en el pasado y es posible que en el presente todavía se siga realizando o se acabe de realizar.

El presente perfecto se forma con dos ingredientes básicos:

1. El verbo haber conjugado (yo he; ella ha; ustedes han). En inglés correspondería al verbo To Have (tener): (I have; she has; they have. En este caso, necesitas saber o conocer las formas del verbo To Have en inglés en presente.

2. Un verbo en participio pasado, terminado en -ado o -ido (jugarè jugado; comer ècomido; $ escribirè escrito).

$Hay algunos verbos que tienen dos formas para el participio, los cuales pueden funcionar como adjetivos: bendecir èbendecido, bendito; elegir èelegido, electo. Otro grupo de verbos no admite el participio regular, sino uno irregular (abrir èabierto, hacer èhecho), pero eso no nos atañe ahora.

En inglés, para los verbos regulares, el participio es igual que su pasado: work è worked; clean è cleaned; play è played; los verbos irregulares tienen una única forma para el participio: keep è kept; make è made; take è took; think è thought, y así sucesivamente.

Ahora bien, las seis oraciones de arriba quedarían, en inglés, de la siguiente manera:

1. I have written a letter to my aunt Mirna.

2. You have read the newspaper.

3. Marta has prepared the food today.

4. We have visited some touristic places.

5. You have broken the glass.

6. They have taken some pictures of the journey.

Nota: el presente perfecto en inglés generalmente está acompañado de expresiones como: in the last…, so far… since, for.

________________________________________ (Imagine a sentence in present perfect, according to the picture)

Este cuadro te ayudará a comprender las formas negativa e interrogativa de este tiempo.

AFFIRMATIVE FORM	NEGATIVE FORM	QUESTION FORM
I have written a letter to my aunt Mirna.	I have NOT written a letter to my aunt Mirna.	Have I written a letter to my aunt Mirna?
You have read the newspaper.	You have NOT read the newspaper.	Have you read the newspaper?
Marta has prepared the food today.	Marta has NOT prepared the food today.	Has Marta prepared the food today?
We have visited some touristic places.	We have NOT visited some touristic places.	Have we visited some touristic places?
You have broken the glass.	You have NOT broken the glass.	Have you broken the glass?
They have taken some pictures of the journey.	They have NOT taken some pictures of the journey.	Have they taken some pictures of the journey?

El siguiente video te ayudará a resumir el concepto del presente perfecto:

___________________________________________ (Imagine a sentence in present perfect, according to the picture)

TABLA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES MÁS USUALES

*TABLA 1*
	INFINITIVE	SIMPLE PAST	PAST PARTICIPLE	*TRANSLATION*
1.	Arise	Arose	Arisen	Surgir, Levantarse
2.	Awake	Awoke	Awoken	Despertarse
3. *	Be/ am, are, is	Was / Were	Been	Ser / Estar
4.	Bear	Bore	Borne / Born	Soportar, dar a luz
5.	Beat	Beat	Beaten	Golpear
6. *	Become	Became	Become	Llegar a Ser
7. *	Begin	Began	Begun	Empezar
8.	Bend	Bent	Bent	Doblar
9. *	Bet	Bet	Bet	Apostar
10.	Bind	Bound	Bound	Atar, encuadernar
11.	Bid	Bid	Bid	Pujar
12. *	Bite	Bit	Bitten	Morder
13. *	Bleed	Bled	Bled	Sangrar
14.	Blow	Blew	Blown	Soplar
15. *	Break	Broke	Broken	Romper
16.	Breed	Bred	Bred	Criar
17. *	Bring	Brought	Brought	Traer, Llevar
18.	Broadcast	Broadcast	Broadcast	Radiar
19. *	Build	Built	Built	Edificar
20. *	Burn	Burnt /Burned	Burnt / Burned	Quemar
21.	Burst	Burst	Burst	Reventar
22. *	Buy	Bought	Bought	Comprar
23.	Cast	Cast	Cast	Arrojar
24. *	Catch	Caught	Caught	Coger
25. *	Come	Came	Come	Venir
26. *	Cost	Cost	Cost	Costar
27. *	Cut	Cut	Cut	Cortar
28. *	Choose	Chose	Chosen	Elegir
29.	Cling	Clung	Clung	Agarrarse
30.	Creep	Crept	Crept	Arrastrarse
31. *	Deal	Dealt	Dealt	Tratar
32.	Dig	Dug	Dug	Cavar
33. *	Do (Does)	Did	Done	Hacer
34. *	Draw	Drew	Drawn	Dibujar
35. *	Dream	Dreamt / Dreamed	Dreamt / Dreamed	Soñar
36. *	Drink	Drank	Drunk	Beber
37. *	Drive	Drove	Driven	Conducir
38. *	Eat	Ate	Eaten	Comer
39. *	Fall	Fell	Fallen	Caer
40.	Feed	Fed	Fed	Alimentar
41. *	Feel	Felt	Felt	Sentir
42. *	Fight	Fought	Fought	Luchar
43. *	Find	Found	Found	Encontrar
44.	Flee	Fled	Fled	Huir
45. *	Fly	Flew	Flown	Volar
46.	Forbid	Forbade	Forbidden	Prohibir
47. *	Forget	Forgot	Forgotten	Olvidar
48.	Forgive	Forgave	Forgiven	Perdonar
49.	Forsake	Forsook	Forsaken	Abandonar, renunciar
50.	Freeze	Froze	Frozen	Helar
51. *	Get	Got	Got / Gotten	Obtener
52. *	Give	Gave	Given	Dar
53. *	Go (Goes)	Went	Gone	Ir
54. *	Grow	Grew	Grown	Crecer
55.	Grind	Ground	Ground	Moler
56.	Hang	Hung	Hung	Colgar
57. *	Have	Had	Had	Tener o Haber
58. *	Hear	Heard	Heard	Oir
59. *	Hide	Hid	Hidden	Ocultar
60. *	Hit	Hit	Hit	Golpear
61.	Hold	Held	Held	Agarrar Celebrar
62. *	Hurt	Hurt	Hurt	Herir
63. *	Keep	Kept	Kept	Conservar
64. *	Know	Knew	Known	Saber, Conocer
65.	Kneel	Knelt	Knelt	Arrodillarse
66.	Knit	Knit	Knit	Hacer punto
67.	Lay	Laid	Laid	Poner
68. *	Lead	Led	Led	Conducir, liderar
69.	Lean	Leant	Leant	Apoyarse
70.	Leap	Leapt	Leapt	Brincar
71. *	Learn	Learnt / Learned	Learnt / Learned	Aprender
72. *	Leave	Left	Left	Dejar
73. *	Lend	Lent	Lent	Prestar, dar prestado
74. *	Let	Let	Let	Permitir
75.	Lie	Lay	Lain	Echarse
76. *	Light	Lit	Lit	Encender
77. *	Lose	Lost	Lost	Perder
78. *	Make	Made	Made	Hacer
79.	Mean	Meant	Meant	Significar, querer decir
80. *	Meet	Met	Met	Encontrar
81.	Mistake	Mistook	Mistaken	Equivocar
82.	Overcome	Overcame	Overcome	Vencer
83. *	Pay	Paid	Paid	Pagar
84. *	Put	Put	Put	Poner
85. *	Read	Read	Read	Leer
86.	Ride	Rode	Ridden	Montar
87. *	Ring	Rang	Rung	Llamar
88.	Rise	Rose	Risen	Levantarse
89. *	Run	Ran	Run	Correr
90. *	Say	Said	Said	Decir
91. *	See	Saw	Seen	Ver
92.	Seek	Sought	Sought	Buscar
93. *	Sell	Sold	Sold	Vender
94. *	Send	Sent	Sent	Enviar
95.	Set	Set	Set	Poner(se)
96.	Sew	Sewed	Sewed / Sewn	Coser
97.	Shake	Shook	Shaken	Sacudir
98.	Shear	Shore	Shorn	Esquilar
99. *	Shine	Shone	Shone	Brillar
100.	Shoot	Shot	Shot	Disparar
101. *	Show	Showed	Shown	Mostrar
102.	Shrink	Shrank	Shrunk	Encogerse
103.	Shut	Shut	Shut	Cerrar
104. *	Sing	Sang	Sung	Cantar
105.	Sink	Sank	Sunk	Hundir
106. *	Sit	Sat	Sat	Sentarse
107. *	Sleep	Slept	Slept	Dormir
108.	Slide	Slid	Slid	Resbalar
109. *	Smell	Smelt	Smelt	Oler
110.	Sow	Sowed	Sowed / Sown	Sembrar
111. *	Speak	Spoke	Spoken	Hablar
112.	Speed	Sped	Sped	Acelerar
113.	Spell	Spelt	Spelt	Deletrear
114. *	Spend	Spent	Spent	Gastar
115.	Spill	Spilt / Spilled	Spilt / Spilled	Derramar
116.	Spin	Spun	Spun	Hilar
117.	Spit	Spat	Spat	Escupir
118.	Split	Split	Split	Hender / partir / rajar
119.	Spoil	Spoilt / Spoiled	Spoilt / Spoiled	Estropear
120.	Spread	Spread	Spread	Extender
121.	Spring	Sprang	Sprung	Saltar
122.	Stand	Stood	Stood	Estar en pie
123. *	Steal	Stole	Stolen	Robar
124.	Stick	Stuck	Stuck	Pegar Engomar
125.	Sting	Stung	Stung	Picar
126.	Stink	Stank/Stunk	Stunk	Apestar
127.	Stride	Strode	Stridden	Dar zancadas
128.	Strike	Struck	Struck	Golpear
129.	Swear	Swore	Sworn	Jurar
130. *	Sweat	Sweat	Sweat	Sudar
131. *	Sweep	Swept	Swept	Barrer
132.	Swell	Swelled	Swollen	Hinchar
133. *	Swim	Swam	Swum	Nadar
134.	Swing	Swung	Swung	Columpiarse
135. *	Take	Took	Taken	Coger
136. *	Teach	Taught	Taught	Enseñar
137.	Tear	Tore	Torn	Rasgar
138. *	Tell	Told	Told	Decir
139. *	Think	Thought	Thought	Pensar
140. *	Throw	Threw	Thrown	Arrojar, Tirar
141.	Thrust	Thrust	Thrust	Introducir
142.	Tread	Trod	Trodden	Pisar, hollar
143. *	Understand	Understood	Understood	Entender
144.	Undergo	Underwent	Undergone	Sufrir
145.	Undertake	Undertook	Undertaken	Emprender
146.	Wake	Woke	Woken	Despertarse
147. *	Wear	Wore	Worn	Llevar puesto
148.	Weave	Wove	Woven	Tejer
149.	Weep	Wept	Wept	Llorar
150. *	Wet	Wet	Wet	Mojar
151. *	Win	Won	Won	Ganar
152.	Wind	Wound	Wound	Enrollar
153.	Withdraw	Withdrew	Withdrawn	Retirarse
154.	Wring	Wrung	Wrung	Torcer
155. *	Write	Wrote	Written	Escribir

TABLA 2
Comprehensive List Of Irregular Verbs
Infinitive		Simple Present	Simple Past	Past Participle	Present Participle
1.	to arise	arise(s)	arose	arisen	arising
2.	to awake	awake(s)	awoke or awaked	awaked or awoken	awaking
3. *	to be	am, is, are	was, were	been	being
4.	to bear	bear(s)	bore	borne or born	bearing
5.	to beat	beat(s)	beat	beaten	beating
6. *	to become	become(s)	became	become	becoming
7. *	to begin	begin(s)	began	begun	beginning
8.	to bend	bend(s)	bent	bent	bending
9. *	to bet	bet(s)	bet	bet	betting
10.	to bid [to offer]	bid(s)	bid	bid	bidding
11.	to bid [to command]	bid(s)	bade	bidden	bidding
12.	to bind	bind(s)	bound	bound	binding
13. *	to bite	bite(s)	bit	bitten or bit	biting
14.	to blow	blow(s)	blew	blown	blowing
15. *	to break	break(s)	broke	broken	breaking
16. *	to bring	bring(s)	brought	brought	bringing
17. *	to build	build(s)	built	built	building
18.	to burst	burst(s)	burst	burst	bursting
19. *	to buy	buy(s)	bought	bought	buying
20.	to cast	cast(s)	cast	cast	casting
21. *	to catch	catch(es)	caught	caught	catching
22. *	to choose	choose(s)	chose	chosen	choosing
23.	to cling	cling(s)	clung	clung	clinging
24. *	to come	come(s)	came	come	coming
25. *	to cost	cost(s)	cost	cost	costing
26.	to creep	creep(s)	crept	crept	creeping
27. *	to cut	cut(s)	cut	cut	cutting
28. *	to deal	deal(s)	dealt	dealt	dealing
29.	to dig	dig(s)	dug	dug	digging
30.	to dive	dive(s)	dived or dove	dived	diving
31. *	to do	do(es)	did	done	doing
32. *	to draw	draw(s)	drew	drawn	drawing
33. *	to dream	dream(s)	dreamed or dreamt	dreamed or dreamt	dreaming
34. *	to drink	drink(s)	drank	drunk	drinking
35. *	to drive	drive(s)	drove	driven	driving
36. *	to eat	eat(s)	ate	eaten	eating
37. *	to fall	fall(s)	fell	fallen	falling
38.	to feed	feed(s)	fed	fed	feeding
39. *	to feel	feel(s)	felt	felt	feeling
40. *	to fight	fight(s)	fought	fought	fighting
41. *	to find	find(s)	found	found	finding
42.	to flee	flee(s)	fled	fled	fleeing
43.	to fling	fling(s)	flung	flung	flinging
44. *	to fly	flies, fly	flew	flown	flying
45.	to forbid	forbid(s)	forbade or forbad	forbidden	forbidding
46. *	to forget	forget(s)	forgot	forgotten or forgot	forgetting
47. *	to forgive	forgive(s)	forgave	forgiven	forgiving
48.	to forsake	forsake(s)	forsook	forsaken	forsaking
49.	to freeze	freeze(s)	froze	frozen	freezing
50. *	to get	get(s)	got	got or gotten	getting
51. *	to give	give(s)	gave	given	giving
52. *	to go	go(es)	went	gone	going
53.	to grow	grow(s)	grew	grown	growing
54.	to hang [to suspend]	hang(s)	hung	hung	hanging
55. *	to have	has, have	had	had	having
56. *	to hear	hear(s)	heard	heard	hearing
57. *	to hide	hide(s)	hid	hidden	hiding
58. *	to hit	hit(s)	hit	hit	hitting
59. *	to hurt	hurt(s)	hurt	hurt	hurting
60. *	to keep	keep(s)	kept	kept	keeping
61. *	to know	know(s)	knew	known	knowing
62.	to lay	lay(s)	laid	laid	laying
63.	to lead	lead(s)	led	led	leading
64.	to leap	leap(s)	leaped or leapt	leaped or leapt	leaping
65. *	to leave	leave(s)	left	left	leaving
66. *	to lend	lend(s)	lent	lent	lending
67.	to let	let(s)	let	let	letting
68.	to lie [to rest or recline]	lie(s)	lay	lain	lying
69.	to light	light(s)	lighted or lit	lighted or lit	lighting
70. *	to lose	lose(s)	lost	lost	losing
71. *	to make	make(s)	made	made	making
72.	to mean	mean(s)	meant	meant	meaning
73. *	to pay	pay(s)	paid	paid	paying
74.	to prove	prove(s)	proved	proved or proven	proving
75.	to quit	quit(s)	quit	quit	quitting
76. *	to read	read(s)	read	read	reading
77.	to rid	rid(s)	rid	rid	ridding
78. *	to ride	ride(s)	rode	ridden	riding
79.	to ring	ring(s)	Rang	rung	ringing
80.	to rise	rise(s)	Rose	risen	rising
81. *	to run	run(s)	Ran	run	running
82. *	to say	say(s)	Said	said	saying
83. *	to see	see(s)	Saw	seen	seeing
84.	to seek	seek(s)	sought	sought	seeking
85. *	to send	send(s)	Sent	sent	sending
86. *	to set	set(s)	Set	set	setting
87. *	to shake	shake(s)	shook	shaken	shaking
88.	to shine [to glow]	shine(s)	shone	shone	shining
89.	to shoot	shoot(s)	Shot	shot	shooting
90. *	to show	show(s)	showed	shown or showed	showing
91.	to shrink	shrink(s)	shrank	shrunk	shrinking
92. *	to sing	sing(s)	Sang	sung	singing
93.	to sink	sink(s)	sank or sunk	sunk	sinking
94. *	to sit	sit(s)	Sat	sat	sitting
95.	to slay	slay(s)	Slew	slain	slaying
96. *	to sleep	sleep(s)	Slept	slept	sleeping
97.	to sling	sling(s)	Slung	slung	slinging
98.	to sneak	sneak(s)	sneaked or snuck	sneaked or snuck	sneaking
99. *	to speak	speak(s)	spoke	spoken	speaking
100. *	to spend	spend(s)	spent	spent	spending
101.	to spin	spin(s)	Spun	spun	spinning
102.	to spring	spring(s)	sprang or sprung	sprung	springing
103. *	to stand	stand(s)	Stood	stood	standing
104. *	to steal	steal(s)	Stole	stolen	stealing
105.	to sting	sting(s)	Stung	stung	stinging
106.	to stink	stink(s)	stank or stunk	stunk	stinking
107.	to stride	stride(s)	strode	stridden	striding
108.	to strike	strike(s)	struck	struck	striking
109.	to strive	strive(s)	strove	striven	striving
110. *	to swear	swear(s)	swore	sworn	swearing
111.	to sweep	sweep(s)	swept	swept	sweeping
112. *	to swim	swim(s)	swam	swum	swimming
113.	to swing	swing(s)	swung	swung	swinging
114. *	to take	take(s)	took	taken	taking
115. *	to teach	teach(es)	taught	taught	teaching
116.	to tear	tear(s)	tore	torn	tearing
117. *	to tell	tell(s)	told	told	telling
118. *	to think	think(s)	thought	thought	thinking
119. *	to throw	throw(s)	threw	thrown	throwing
120.	to understand	understand(s)	understood	understood	understanding
121.	to wake	wake(s)	woke or waked	waked or woken	waking
122. *	to wear	wear(s)	wore	worn	wearing
123.	to weave	weave(s)	wove or weaved	woven or wove	weaving
124.	to weep	weep(s)	wept	wept	weeping
125.	to wring	wring(s)	wrung	wrung	wringing
126. *	to write	write(s)	wrote	written	writing